![]() The W- is still borrowing energy to make up for the huge amount of mass it has, so it returns the borrowed energy at the same time it decays into an electron and the electron antineutrino. The down quark uses that energy to convert itself into an up quark and a W- boson. So, one of the down quarks of the up-down-down neutron borrows some energy from Nature, and has to return it within a specific time limit. ![]() One way to think of virtual particles is that the Uncertainty principle, when framed in terms of energy and time, let's particles borrow energy for short periods of time. The W boson in neutron decay is a virtual particle: it's momentum and energy don't satisfy E 2=m0 2 c 4+p 2 c 2, as all real particles should (some folks call that "off the mass shell", as if we instead make mass the free parameter, the mass we would anticipate measuring doesn't match the mass of the W-boson). We make our world significant by the courage of our questions and by the depth of our answers. For more open-ended questions, try /r/AskScienceDiscussion | Sign up to be a panelist!.Looking for flair? Sign up to be a panelist!.Neuroscience, Neurology, Neurochemistry, Cognitive NeuroscienceĪskScience AMA Series: Brain Cell AtlasesĪsk Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, PsychologyĪskScience AMA Series: Addiction Treatment and CannabisĪsk Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, AnthropologyĪsk Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary ScienceĪsk Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer scienceĪskScience AMA Series: Homegrown National Park Medicine, Oncology, Dentistry, Physiology, Epidemiology, Infectious Disease, Pharmacy, Human Body Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Abnormal, Social Psychology Social Science, Political Science, Economics, Archaeology, Anthropology, Linguisticsīiology, Evolution, Morphology, Ecology, Synthetic Biology, Microbiology, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Paleontology Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Structural Engineering, Computer Engineering, Aerospace EngineeringĬhemistry, Organic Chemistry, Polymers, Biochemistry Mathematics, Statistics, Number Theory, Calculus, AlgebraĪstronomy, Astrophysics, Cosmology, Planetary FormationĬomputing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, ComputabilityĮarth Science, Atmospheric Science, Oceanography, Geology Theoretical Physics, Experimental Physics, High-energy Physics, Solid-State Physics, Fluid Dynamics, Relativity, Quantum Physics, Plasma Physics /r/AskScienceDiscussion: For open-ended and hypothetical questions.FAQ: In-depth answers to many popular questions.Weekly Features: Archives of AskAnything Wednesday, FAQ Fridays, and more!.Be civil: Remember the human and follow Reddiquette.Report comments that do not meet our guidelines, including medical advice.Downvote anecdotes, speculation, and jokes.Upvote on-topic answers supported by reputable sources and scientific research.Answer questions with accurate, in-depth explanations, including peer-reviewed sources where possible.The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called its mass number (\(A\))).Please read our guidelines and FAQ before posting ![]() Therefore, the atomic number also indicates the number of electrons in an atom. A neutral atom must contain the same number of positive and negative charges, so the number of protons equals the number of electrons. For example, any atom that contains six protons is the element carbon and has the atomic number 6, regardless of how many neutrons or electrons it may have. This is the defining trait of an element: Its value determines the identity of the atom. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is its atomic number (\(Z\)). The Number of Protons Define the Nature of the Elements \): The structure of helium atom with a central nucleus and surrounding electrons.
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